منابع مشابه
Entropy? Honest!
Here we deconstruct, and then in a reasoned way reconstruct, the concept of “entropy of a system”, paying particular attention to where the randomness may be coming from. We start with the core concept of entropy as a count associated with a description; this count (traditionally expressed in logarithmic form for a number of good reasons) is in essence the number of possibilities—specific insta...
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We extend the notion of universality of a function, due to Turing, to arbitrary (countable) effective domains, taking care to disallow any cheating on the part of the representations used. Then, we can be certain that effective universal functions cannot simulate non-effective functions.
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he Trump administration aims to eliminate many regulations and make it more difficult to adopt new ones. More subtle and dangerous are attempts in Congress to undermine public health and environmental protections by limiting the use of scientific evidence under the guise of increased transparency. This effort, which as envisioned by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) leadership would gr...
متن کاملHonest Computability and Complexity
Computations manipulate representations of objects, most often strings of symbols taken from some finite alphabet, rather than the objects themselves. Numbers, for example, are usually denoted by sequences of decimal, or binary, or unary digits. In logic, one therefore distinguishes between numbers n, which reside in an ideal Platonic world, and numerals ⌜n⌝, their symbolic representation as (f...
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Yet, Grice’s formulation assumes that agents behave as thought their interests were totally aligned. Is there, however, any compelling reason to believe this is so? The evolution of cooperation has been a perennial question in biology and the social sciences for many years (Nowak (2006); Bowles and Gintis (2011), and citations). If we presume that language is inherently cooperative with regard ...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Journal of Political Economy
سال: 1895
ISSN: 0022-3808,1537-534X
DOI: 10.1086/250310